U.S. Geological Survey 2000 2000-05 Helena, Montana Montana State Library https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/NonMSDI/Raster/NLCD_1992.zip https://mslservices.mt.gov/Geographic_Information/Data/DataList/datalist_Details.aspx?did={7670ad63-9233-4754-87d6-da0138c7f8e6} This is the 1992 National Land Cover Data Set for Montana, projected to Montana State Plane Coordinates and converted to TIFF format. The National Land Cover Data Set was produced as part of a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to produce a consistent, land cover data layer for the conterminous U.S. based on 30-meter Landsat thematic mapper (TM) data. National Land Cover Data (NLCD) was developed from TM data acquired by the Multi-resoultion Land Characterization (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC Consortium is a partnership of federal agencies that produce or use land cover data. Partners include the USGS (National Mapping, Biological Resources, and Water Resources Divisions), USEPA, the U.S. Forest Service, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Montana NLCD set was produced as part of a project area encompassing portions of Federal Regions 8 and 10. This data set was produced under the direction of the MRLC Regional Land Cover Characterization Project of the USGS EROS Data Center (EDC), Sioux Falls, SD. Questions about the data set can be directed to the MRLC Regional Team at (605) 594-6114 or mrlc@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov. This data set was extracted from the larger regional data set. State boundaries from the USGS 1:100,000 Digital Line Graph (DLG) series were used as the basis for extracting the state data. In many instances, the precision of the boundaries in the 1:100,000 DLG data does not match the spatial precision of the Landsat TM data. To overcome the possibility of data being lost in the extraction process, a 300 meter (10 pixel) buffer was added to the state boundary used to extract the state data. The base data set for this project was leaves-off Landsat TM data, nominal-1992 acquisitions. Other ancillary data layers included leaves-on TM, USGS 3-arc second Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief, Bureau of the Census population and housing density data, USGS land use and land cover (LUDA), and National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data if available. Caveats and Concerns: Both irrigated and dryland agriculture are practiced in this region. In the dryland areas small grains predominate; fields are classified as fallow when there is no evidence of visible vegetation indicating a prescribed alternation between cropping and tillage. Crop types in the irrigated areas were difficult to reliably distinguish; row crops are likely to be under represented where no field observations or other ancillary information was incorporated. Many federal agencies, including the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Forest Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, state goverments, and various environmental groups need up-to-date intermediate scale land cover data. The most recent intermediate scale land cover data set generated for the conterminous United States was developed by the USGS in the 1970's. Although this data set is probably still adequate for some applications, many land cover changes have occurred since the data set was compiled. The main objective of this project is to generate a relatively current, consistent, seamless, and accurate land cover data set for the conterminous United States. Potential uses of land cover data are many and varied, and include assessing ecosystem status and health, modeling nutrient and pesticide runoff, understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity, land use planning, deriving landscape pattern metrics, and developing land management policy. 19850526 19950619 ground condition Complete The MRLC is preparing NLCD 2001, whose release date has not been determined. See http://landcover.usgs.gov/natlandcover_2000.html -116.25 -104 49.00 44.25 ISO 19115 Topic Category biota imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Land Cover Landcover LULC Land Use FIPS Publication 55 Montana None The Montana State Library provides this product/service for informational purposes only. The Library did not produce it for, nor is it suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Consumers of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to ascertain the viability of the information for their purposes. The Library provides these data in good faith but does not represent or warrant its accuracy, adequacy, or completeness. In no event shall the Library be liable for any incorrect results or analysis; any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages to any party; or any lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use or the inability to use the data or the services provided. The Library makes these data and services available as a convenience to the public, and for no other purpose. The Library reserves the right to change or revise published data and/or services at any time. The user must have a firm understanding of how the datasets were compiled and the resulting limitations of these data. The National Land Cover Dataset was compiled from Landsat satellite TM imagery (circa 1992) with a spatial resolution of 30 meters and supplemented by various ancillary data (where available). The analysis and interpretation of the satellite imagery was conducted using very large, sometimes multi-state image mosaics (i.e. up to 18 Landsat scenes). Using a relatively small number of aerial photographs for 'ground truth', the thematic interpretations were necessarily conducted from a spatially-broad perspective. Thus, the reliability of the data is greatest at the state or multi-state level. Important Caution Advisory With this in mind, users are cautioned to carefully scrutinize the data to see if they are of sufficient reliability before attempting to use the dataset for larger-scale or local analyses. This evaluation must be made remembering that the NLCD represents conditions in the early 1990s. Montana State Library mailing address

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Helena Montana 59620-1800 406-444-5354 Montana Relay 711 406-444-0266 geoinfo@mt.gov https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Documents/Maps/Thumbnails/20031113_426_thumb.jpg Thumbnail image of National Land Cover Dataset 1992 map https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Documents/Maps/Individual/20031113_426_nlcd.gif National Land Cover Dataset 1992 map The accuracy of this data has not been assesed for Montana. See http://landcover.usgs.gov/accuracy/ for the status of accuracy assement of the NLCD. The MRLC's general discussion of the accuracy of the NLCD follows: While we believe that the approach taken has yielded a very good general land cover classification product for a large region, it is important to indicate to the user where there might be some potential problems. The biggest concerns are listed below: 1) Some of the TM data sets are not temporally ideal. Leaves-off data sets are heavily relied upon for discriminating between hay/pasture and row crop, and also for discriminating between forest classes. The success of discriminating between these classes using leaves-off data sets hinges on the time of data acquisition. When hay/pasture areas are non-green, they are not easily distinguishable from other agricultural areas using remotely sensed data. However, there is a temporal window during which hay and pasture areas green upbefore most other vegetation (excluding evergreens, which have different spectral properties); during this window these areas are easily distinguishable from other crop areas. The discrimination between hay/pasture and deciduous forest is likewise optimized by selecting data in a temporal window where deciduous vegetation has yet to leaf out. It is difficult to acquire a single-date of imagery (leaves-on or leaves-off) that adequately differentiates between both deciduous/hay and pasture and hay-pasture/row crop. 2) The data sets used cover a range of years (see data sources), and changes that have taken place across the landscape over the time period may not have been captured. While this is not viewed as a major problem for most classes, it is possible that some land cover features change more rapidly than might be expected (e.g. hay one year, row crop the next). 3) Wetlands classes are extremely difficult to extract from Landsat TM spectral information alone. The use of ancillary information such as National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data is highly desirable. We relied on GAP, LUDA, or proximity to streams and rivers as well as spectral data to delineate wetlands in areas without NWI data. 4) Separation of natural grass and shrub is problematic. Areas observed on the ground to be shrub or grass are not always distinguishable spectrally. Likewise, there was often disagreement between LUDA and GAP on these classes. Each Landsat Thematic Mapper image used to create the NLCD was precision terrain-corrected using 3-arc-second digital terrain elevation data (DTED), and georegistered using ground control points. This resulted in a root mean square registration error of less than 1 pixel (30 meters). U.S. Geological Survey 2000 2000-05 19850526 19950619 Ground Condition The data set is a re-formatted version of this source. The dates of the source Landsat scenes follows: LEAF OFF: Path Row Date Path Row Date 034 028 19 Jun 89 034 029 19 Jun 89 035 026 19 Jun 95 035 027 10 Jun 92 035 028 10 Jun 92 035 029 10 Jun 92 036 026 15 Jun 91 036 027 06 Jun 88 036 028 09 Jun 89 036 029 15 Jun 91 037 026 11 Jun 87 037 027 10 May 93 037 028 10 May 93 037 029 28 May 88 038 026 27 Jun 88 038 027 26 May 88 038 028 30 Jun 89 038 029 30 May 86 039 026 04 Jun 88 039 027 04 Jun 88 039 028 04 Jun 88 039 029 05 May 92 040 026 28 May 86 040 027 28 May 86 040 028 28 May 86 040 029 13 Jun 86 041 026 09 Jun 86 041 027 03 May 92 041 028 24 May 88 042 026 16 Jun 88 042 027 26 May 86 LEAF ON: Path Row Date Path Row Date 034 028 09 Aug 93 034 029 09 Aug 93 035 026 16 Aug 93 035 027 16 Aug 93 035 028 16 Aug 93 035 029 16 Aug 93 036 026 07 Aug 93 036 027 07 Aug 93 036 028 07 Aug 93 036 029 04 Aug 92 037 026 14 Aug 93 037 027 14 Aug 93 037 028 14 Aug 93 037 029 28 Sep 92 038 026 22 Sep 93 038 027 22 Sep 93 038 028 22 Sep 93 038 029 22 Sep 93 039 026 10 Sep 92 039 027 09 Aug 92 039 028 09 Aug 92 039 029 09 Aug 92 040 026 19 Aug 93 040 027 20 Jul 88 040 028 19 Aug 93 040 029 13 Jul 92 041 026 28 Aug 88 041 027 21 Aug 91 041 028 21 Aug 91 042 026 14 Aug 92 042 027 14 Aug 92 This is the MRLC's description of some of the methods used to create the NLCD: The project is being carried out on the basis of 10 Federal Regions that make up the conterminous United States; each region is comprized of multiple states; each region is processed in subregional units that are limited to the area covered by no more than 18 Landsat TM scenes. The general NLCD procedure is to: (1) mosaic subregional TM scenes and classify them using an unsupervised clustering algorithm, (2) interpret and label the clusters/classes using aerial photographs as reference data, (3) resolve the labeling of confused clusters/classes using the appropriate ancillary data source(s), and (4) incorporate land cover information from other data sets and perform manual edits to augment and refine the "basic" classification developed above. Two seasonally distinct TM mosaics are produced, a leaves-on version (summer) and a leaves-off (spring/fall) version. TM bands 3 4 5 and 7 are mosaicked for both the leaves-on and leaves-off versions. For mosaicking purposes, a base scene is selected for each mosaic and the other scenes are adjusted to mimic spectral properties of the base scene using histogram matching in regions of spatial overlap. Following mosaicking, either the leaves-off version or leaves-on version is selected to be the "base" for the land cover mapping process. The 4 TM bands of the "base" mosaic are clustered to produce a single 100-class image using an unspervised clustering algorithm. Each of the spectrally distinct clusters/classes is then assigned to one or more Anderson level 1 and 2 land cover classes using National High Altitude Photography program (NHAP) and National Aeria l Photography program (NAPP) aerial photographs as a reference. Almost invariably, individual spectral clusters/classes are confused between two or more land cover classes. Separation of the confused spectral clusters/classes into appropriate NLCD class is accomplished using ancillary data layers. Standard ancillary data layers include: the "non-base" mosaic TM bands and 100-class cluster image; derived TM normalized vegetation index (NDVI), various TM band ratios, TM date bands; 3-arc second Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief; population and housing density data; USGS land use and land cover (LUDA); and National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data if available. Other ancillary data sources may include soils data, unique state or regional land cover data sets, or data from other federal programs such as the National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) of the USGS Biological Resources Division (BRD). For a given confused spectral cluster/class, digital values of the various ancillary data layers are compared to determine: (1) which data layers are the most effective for splitting the confused cluster/class into the appropriate NLCD class, and (2) the appropriate layer thresholds for making the split(s). Models are then developed using one to several ancillary data layers to split the confused cluster/class into the NLCD class. For example, a population density threshold is used to separate high-intensity residential areas from commercial/industrial /transportation. Or a cluster/class might be confused between row crop and grasslands. To split this particular cluster/class, a TM NDVI threshold might be identified and used with an elevation threshold in a class-spliting model to make the appropriate NLCD class assignments. A purely spectral example is using the temporally opposite TM layers to discriminate confused cluster/classes such as hay pasture vs. row crops and deciduous forests vs. evergreen forests; simple thresholds that contrast the seasonal differences in vegetation between leaves-on vs. leaves-off. Not all cluster/class confusion can be successfully modeled out. Certain classes such as urban/recreational grasses or quarries/strip mines/gravel pits that are not spectrally unique require manual editing. These class features are typically visually identified and then reclassified using on-screen digitizing and recoding. Other classes such as wetlands require the use of specific data sets such as NWI to provide the most accurate classification. Areas lacking NWI data are typically subset out and modeling is used to estimate wetlands in these localized areas. The final NLCD product results from the classification (interpretation and labeling) of the 100-class "base"cluster mosaic using both automated and manual processes, incorporating both spectral and conditional data layers. 19990601 Convert the downloaded National Land Cover data file into ESRI GRID format and project the data to Montana State Plane Coordinates. 2000 Convert the data to TIFF format and create a colormap. 20131104 Raster Pixel 17696 30638 State Plane Coordinate System 1983 2500 45 49 -109.5 44.25 600000.00000 0.00000 row and column 30 30 meters North American Datum of 1983 Geodetic Reference System 80 6378137 298.257 NLCD_1992.tif.vat.dbf Value Attribute Table ESRI OID Database sequence number VALUE Land Cover Code US Geological Survey 11 Open Water 12 Perennial Ice/Snow 21 Low Intensity Residential 22 High Intensity Residential 23 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation 31 Bare Rock/Sand/Clay 32 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits 33 Transitional 41 Deciduous Forest 42 Evergreen Forest 43 Mixed Forest 51 Shrubland 61 Orchards/Vineyards/Other 71 Grasslands/Herbaceous 81 Pasture/Hay 82 Row Crops 83 Small Grains 84 Fallow 85 Urban/Recreational Grasses 91 Woody Wetlands 92 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands COUNT Number of grid cells with this value in the dataset LandCover Land Cover Description NLCD Land Cover Classification System Land Cover Class Definitions Water - All areas of open water or permanent ice/snow cover. 11. Open Water - All areas of open water; typically 25 percent or greater cover of water (per pixel). 12. Perennial Ice/Snow - All areas characterized by year-long cover of ice and/or snow. Developed - Areas characterized by a high percentage (30 percent or greater) of constructed materials (e.g. asphalt, concrete, buildings, etc). 21. Low Intensity Residential - Includes areas with a mixture of constructed materials and vegetation. Constructed materials account for 30-80 percent of the cover. Vegetation may account for 20 to 70 percent of the cover. These areas most commonly include single-family housing units. Population densities will be lower than in high intensity residential areas. 22. High Intensity Residential - Includes highly developed areas where people reside in high numbers. Examples include apartment complexes and row houses. Vegetation accounts for less than 20 percent of the cover. Constructed materials account for 80 to100 percent of the cover. 23. Commercial/Industrial/Transportation - Includes infrastructure (e.g. roads, railroads, etc.) and all highly developed areas not classified as High Intensity Residential. Barren - Areas characterized by bare rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other earthen material, with little or no "green" vegetation present regardless of its inherent ability to support life. Vegetation, if present, is more widely spaced and scrubby than that in the "green" vegetated categories; lichen cover may be extensive. 31. Bare Rock/Sand/Clay - Prennially barren areas of bedrock, desert pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, beaches, and other accumulations of earthen material. 32. Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits - Areas of extractive mining activities with significant surface expression. 33. Transitional - Areas of sparse vegetative cover (less than 25 percent of cover) that are dynamically changing from one land cover to another, often because of land use activities. Examples include forest clearcuts, a transition phase between forest and agricultural land, the temporary clearing of vegetation, and changes due to natural causes (e.g. fire, flood, etc.). Forested Upland - Areas characterized by tree cover (natural or semi-natural woody vegetation, generally greater than 6 meters tall); tree canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover. 41. Deciduous Forest - Areas dominated by trees where 75 percent or more of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. 42. Evergreen Forest - Areas dominated by trees where 75 percent or more of the tree species maintain their leaves all year. Canopy is never without green foliage. 43. Mixed Forest - Areas dominated by trees where neither deciduous nor evergreen species represent more than 75 percent of the cover present. Shrubland - Areas characterized by natural or semi-natural woody vegetation with aerial stems, generally less than 6 meters tall, with individuals or clumps not touching to interlocking. Both evergreen and deciduous species of true shrubs, young trees, and trees or shrubs that are small or stunted because of environmental conditions are included. 51. Shrubland - Areas dominated by shrubs; shrub canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover. Shrub cover is generally greater than 25 percent when tree cover is less than 25 percent. Shrub cover may be less than 25 percent in cases when the cover of other life forms (e.g. herbaceous or tree) is less than 25 percent and shrubs cover exceeds the cover of the other life forms. Non-natural Woody - Areas dominated by non-natural woody vegetation; non-natural woody vegetative canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover. The non-natural woody classification is subject to the availability of sufficient ancillary data to differentiate non-natural woody vegetation from natural woody vegetation. 61. Orchards/Vineyards/Other - Orchards, vineyards, and other areas planted or maintained for the production of fruits, nuts, berries, or ornamentals. Herbaceous Upland - Upland areas characterized by natural or semi-natural herbaceous vegetation; herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover. 71. Grasslands/Herbaceous - Areas dominated by upland grasses and forbs. In rare cases, herbaceous cover is less than 25 percent, but exceeds the combined cover of the woody species present. These areas are not subject to intensive management, but they are often utilized for grazing. Planted/Cultivated - Areas characterized by herbaceous vegetation that has been planted or is intensively managed for the production of food, feed, or fiber; or is maintained in developed settings for specific purposes. Herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover. 81. Pasture/Hay - Areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. 82. Row Crops - Areas used for the production of crops, such as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton. 83. Small Grains - Areas used for the production of graminoid crops such as wheat, barley, oats, and rice. 84. Fallow - Areas used for the production of crops that are temporarily barren or with sparse vegetative cover as a result of being tilled in a management practice that incorporates prescribed alternation between cropping and tillage. 85. Urban/Recreational Grasses - Vegetation (primarily grasses) planted in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes. Examples include parks, lawns, golf courses, airport grasses, and industrial site grasses. Wetlands - Areas where the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered with water as defined by Cowardin et al. 91. Woody Wetlands - Areas where forest or shrubland vegetation accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered with water. 92. Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands - Areas where perennial herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered with water. Montana State Library mailing address

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Helena MT 59620-1800 406-444-5354 406-444-5354 Montana Relay 711 406-444-0266 geoinfo@mt.gov geoinfo@mt.gov Downloadable Data The Montana State Library provides this product/service for informational purposes only. The Library did not produce it for, nor is it suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Consumers of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to ascertain the viability of the information for their purposes. The Library provides these data in good faith but does not represent or warrant its accuracy, adequacy, or completeness. In no event shall the Library be liable for any incorrect results or analysis; any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages to any party; or any lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use or the inability to use the data or the services provided. The Library makes these data and services available as a convenience to the public, and for no other purpose. The Library reserves the right to change or revise published data and/or services at any time. GeoTIFF https://ftpgeoinfo.msl.mt.gov/Data/Spatial/NonMSDI/Raster/NLCD_1992.zip 20140121 20130417 20040929 20030425 Montana State Library mailing address

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Helena Montana 59620-1800 406-444-5354 Montana Relay 711 406-444-0266 geoinfo@mt.gov FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 {E3810B47-B94D-4795-9924-16CD0C237CFD}